The body as a whole

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1. The physiology of individual organs and functional systems The metabolism in various organs, in addition to similarity, has significant differences that determine the characteristics of their functions. There are significant differences in the metabolism of different tissues that form the body. Each organ has a specific function. An independent body is relative, since it is part of the system of its activity is […]...
2. The growth and development of the organism Since the inception to death as a result of metabolism is the development of an organism – regular changes in its chemical composition and structure. In the process of development to the complicated structure of the maturation of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Development takes place heterochronically, Cells, tissues and organs mature simultaneously. From […]...
3. Place physiology among other sciences Physiology is divided into a general, private, or special, comparative, evolutionary and human physiology. General physiology studies the basic processes of life common to all living beings, the indigenous, the qualitative differences between the living and the nonliving, the general laws of the changes of body functions in a variety of external environment, Private or […]...
4. Blood Blood – the most important part of the internal environment of the body that performs multiple physiological functions. In the digestive tract, it is enriched with the components of food, dissolved in water, and spread them out throughout the body. In the lungs, the blood is enriched with oxygen, which is delivered to all organs […]...
5. Irritability, agitation and lability General properties of the animal organism, its organs, tissues and cells – excitability and lability. Excitability – the ability to respond actively to the process of excitation to a variety of impacts on the environment or changes in the internal environment of the body. Metabolic processes constantly occur in organs, tissues and cells. Therefore in […]...
6. Ecological and biological role of proteins in cells Because proteins (along with nucleic acid) – a substance of life, their function in the cells are very diverse. 1. The most important function of protein molecules is the structural feature consists in the fact that the protein – an essential component of all the structures that form the cell in which it is included […]...
7. Irritability and stimuli The ability of the body, its organs and tissues alter metabolism in response to stimulation is called irritability. Irritability is determined plasticity of proteins. In its simplest form it manifests as irritability direct interaction between cells and food as the capture and assimilation of food. Certain external environment cause an increase or decrease metabolism, quantitative […]...
8. Reticuloendothelial system Leukocyte function but also has a special system of cells scattered throughout the body – the reticuloendothelial system. It is a system of reticular and endothelial cells, as well as their related connective tissue cells (histiocytes), which is at least one organ that performs the function of absorbing and processing a variety of colloidal and […]...
9. The physiological processes in the body In carrying out functions as a result of changes in metabolism in the body occur physical, chemical and morphological changes. Physical and chemical processes in living organisms are made by the same laws as in the inorganic nature. Therefore physiology – not only biological science, but to some extent also physics and chemistry of the […]...
10. The unity of biological and social Man created the work – the first basic condition for its existence. People are different from all other living creatures the ability to produce a variety of subtle movements. This ability is developed in the process of labor. To assign a material nature in a form suitable to meet their needs, to create a livelihood, […]...
11. Proteins Proteins, or proteins – complex, high molecular weight organic compounds consisting of the amino acids. They represent the main, most important of all cells and tissues of animals and plants, without which there can be carried out vital physiological processes. Proteins vary in composition and properties in a variety of animal and plant organisms in […]...
12. Functions of erythrocytes The first main function is to absorb erythrocytes oxygen in the lungs and transfer it into the tissue and capillaries in the absorption of carbon dioxide in the capillaries of tissues and sending it to the lungs. This function is performed by hemoglobin. The implementation of this function is crucial erythrocyte surface, which is due […]...
13. Brief description of the composition, structure and ecological role of fats Fats – organic compounds are esters formed by residues of higher fatty acids and certain alcohols, eg glycerol. Lipids – fat-like substances; this group includes and various fats. Among the fat of great practical and ecological importance glycerides. Glycerides – esters are the reaction product of a trihydric alcohol – glycerol and higher fatty acids. […]...
14. Redistribution of blood in the body The blood in humans and higher animals, distributed among authorities, depending on their activity. Working hard body supplied with blood, the blood supply is reduced to idle. In humans, at 100 grams of tissue prepared blood alone average cm3 / min kidney – 430 heart – 66 Liver – 57, brain – 53. The local […]...
15. The exchange of water and mineral salts Water – the most common substance in our body. Adult human consists of water by about 65%, and the human embryo contains about 90% water. The day the human body loses about 2.0-2.5 liters of water. The same amount he receives in the amount with the drink (1.0 L) and food (1.0 L). Water and […]...
16. Reproduction of organisms One of the main characteristics of the animal organism – the ability to grow or reproduce. In multicellular animal organisms cells multiply over a lifetime by fission, or mitosis (karyokinesis). After mitosis in each daughter cell remains the same number of chromosomes (diploid chromosomes) of the same type as in the parent cell. In the […]...
17. Physiological and physico-chemical properties of blood The density and viscosity of the blood The density of human blood (and pets) is 1,050-1,060, for an average of 1,057 men, women – 1,053. It depends mainly on the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin contained in them, and to a lesser extent – the composition of the liquid portion of the blood; […]...
18. Brief description of the physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of the protein The properties of the protein molecules are important for the realization of their biological and ecological characteristics. Thus, the state of aggregation proteins referred to as solid substances which may be soluble or insoluble in water or other solvents. Much of bioecological as determined by the physical properties of proteins. Thus, the ability of the […]...
19. Digestion in the stomach The food from the mouth to the stomach, which is subjected to further chemical or mechanical processing. Children 10-12 years gastric capacity comes up to 1500 cm3, adults – to 3 dm3. People who consume a lot of liquids, the capacity of the stomach even more, and in some cases can reach up to 5-10 […]...
20. Intracellular breath Oxidation occurs in the tissues and cells noncellular substance. It consists of: 1) hydrogen or recoil dehydrogenation 2) joining the O2 and 3) transfer claim background or changes valency. Oxidation begins with dehydration, t. E. With the fact that dehydrogenase enzymes activated hydrogen, a part of the oxidizing agents. Then, the oxidation of hydrogen to […]...
21. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate Upon standing blood to which to eliminate clotting added on anticoagulant substance gradually erythrocyte sedimentation. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or abbreviated) depends on the ratio of albumin and globulin in blood plasma. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is also a linear function of the number of red blood cells. The more red blood cell, the […]...
22. Physiological solution Called artificial saline solutions containing certain minerals in approximately the same concentration in which they are found in plasma. These solutions are isotonic with the blood have the same osmotic pressure. The physiological significance has not only the total concentration of ions, but the ratio of the concentration of individual ions in solution. NaCl solution […]...
23. Origin of Life on Earth Life originated on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. This was preceded by a very long abiogenic (abiotic) molecular evolution. Modern science has completely denied all the myths about the sudden “miraculous” appearance of life. Insolvency were also theories about the drift of life from space. Now we can imagine the conditions under which the […]...
24. History of Physiology Physiology originated in ancient times to the needs of medicine, for the prevention of diseases and treatment of people needed to know the structure and function of the body. Therefore, the anatomy and physiology of the studied doctors of ancient Greece and Rome. Physiological knowledge of ancient scientists were based largely on guesswork, vivisection performed […]...
25. The movement of lymph The average weight of a human body with 60 kg has about 40 dm3 of water that is 25 dm3 in the intercellular and interstitial spaces. At night in the adult through the left thoracic duct alone and on an empty stomach lymph flows 1200-1500 cm3. Lymph – a colorless liquid, alkaline, containing 3-4% of […]...
26. Allergy and Anaphylaxis Allergy – a perverse response to the animal organism in the re-introduction of foreign proteins, microbes, viruses, microbial toxins, or other substances. This is a complex afterimpression nervous system as a protective and pathological character after the introduction of said allergens. Allergy is manifested in two forms. Firstly, in the form of acquired immunity. This […]...
27. The velocity of blood For the rate of blood flow is the total accumulated value of the cross section of the blood vessel. The smaller total cross-section, the greater the velocity of the fluid. Conversely, the greater the total cross-section, the slower the flow of fluid. From this it follows that the amount of fluid flowing through any cross-section, […]...
28. Nervously humoral regulation of the heart Nervously humoral regulation of the heart plays a subordinate role, as changes in metabolism caused by the nervous system. Shifts of various substances in the blood, in turn, influence the regulation of reflex cardiovascular system. At the heart is affected by changes in potassium and calcium in the blood. The increase in the potassium content […]...
29. The number, composition and general properties of the blood Blood – opaque adhesive red liquid, salty taste which consists of two parts: the plasma and formed elements – erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. The amount and composition of the blood vary continuously, but differ relative constancy of each species. The amount of blood, the structure and the number of formed elements, the chemical composition of […]...
30. Regulation of cardiac activity During the life of a person repeatedly as the alternate periods of high physical and emotional stress, and periods of relative calm. Therefore, the parameters of the heart must vary greatly depending on the load on the body. Regulation of cardiac activity in two ways: neural and humoral. The nervous regulation of the heart made […]...
31. Vessels and circulation In humans, as in all mammals – a closed circulatory system, blood circulates in the body through the vessels. Heart blood flowing through the arteries. The pressure in the arteries is relatively large, and they have a dense three-layer walls. Outer layer – of connective tissue, middle layer – smooth muscle, the inner layer is […]...
32. Complete and defective proteins Proteins entering the body with food, divided into biologically valuable and biologically inferior. Biologically valuable proteins are those in which sufficient contain all amino acids necessary for protein synthesis animal body. The full composition of proteins necessary for the growth of an organism, comprises the following essential amino acids: lysine, tryptophan, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, […]...
33. У чому відмінність фотоапаратів Kit від фотоапаратів Body У наші дні фотомистецтво стало неймовірно популярним не тільки серед молоді, але й серед дорослих людей. Дуже часто при купівлі першої серйозної камери перед людиною постає питання, купувати фотоапарат типу Kit або Body, тому має сенс зрозуміти, який тип камери краще підходить для тих чи інших вимог і побажань фотографа. Опис фотоапаратів Kit і фотоапаратів […]...
34. Electrocardiogram In the propagation of excitation from the node automaticity of the myocardium of the heart and reducing the electric potentials of individual muscle fibers are added together and the total potential is so great, that may be registered, even on the surface of the human body. Since the human heart has four chambers that are […]...
35. Carbon dioxide in the blood Unlike oxygen, which is associated only with the hemoglobin to carbon dioxide have a specific transporter, it binds to various substances. 1% of blood is carbon dioxide free carbon dioxide, 3% of the physically dissolved in the plasma, about 47 volume percent due to the plasma in the form of carbonates (bicarbonates) in erythrocytes – […]...
36. The method of Pavlov Prior studies by Pavlov for the study of the digestive system was used, as a rule, the method of critical experiments carried out under general anesthesia, or when you turn off the cerebral hemispheres. In these experiments, in the ducts of the glands of the cannula is inserted, but which follows the juice during stimulation […]...
37. The salivary glands and their functions All oral cancer in my position are divided into two groups: 1) the small salivary glands mucosa or submucosal layer – labial, palatine, buccal, dental, lingual, 2) major salivary glands – the parotid, submandibular and sublingual. The salivary gland is not only involved in digestion, but at a distance from the body of the residual […]...
38. Digestion Digestion – a combination of physical and chemical processes in the conversion of food substances which may be absorbed by the cells of the body and used for energy purposes or plastic. Throughout his life a person must consume foods. As a result of the conversion of nutrients the body receives the material is used […]...
39. Fundamentals of Ecology. Biogeocoenosis Biogeocoenosis (ecosystem) – set, interconnected populations of different species, long inhabiting an area with relatively similar conditions. Examples of ecosystems – a meadow, pond, an oak forest. Living organisms are in constant interaction with each other and with the factors of inanimate nature. The species composition of a given area is determined by historical and […]...
40. Gas exchange in the tissues Internal or tissue, breathing is performed as follows. Since tissue tension resulting CO2 metabolism reaches 7980-9310 Pa and venous blood – 6118-6251 Pa CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the venous blood from venous blood and – in alveolar air. The arterial blood pressure 13566-13965 Pa. In the tissues of O2 consumed and, therefore, its […]...