The erythrocyte sedimentation rate

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1. Heart rate The number of heartbeats in the adult 70-75 min. However, in healthy people there are significant deviations from this value (below 50 or above 100 per minute). Newborn heart rate of 120-140 per minute. With age, it decreases. The horse – 30-45, the cow – 50-70, in sheep and goats – 70-80, the pig – […]...
2. Features of regulation of pulmonary respiration in aquatic animals The animals are morphological adaptations: a sharp increase in the chest, particularly powerful respiratory muscles, greater mobility of the chest, open up the nostrils (whales, dolphins). Dolphins 3 times the alveoli than in humans. In cetaceans in the small bronchi have muscle zhomy, long retaining the air. Physiological adaptations in aquatic animals following. Firstly, the […]...
3. Pernicious anemia Reducing the number of erythrocytes and their hemoglobin content or pernicious anemia, is the result of blood loss, increased destruction of red blood cells, or erythropoiesis disorders and circulation. Pernicious anemia develops when the absence or deficiency of vitamin B12 and if not allocated “intrinsic factor” or a little as a result of diseases of […]...
4. Physiological and physico-chemical properties of blood The density and viscosity of the blood The density of human blood (and pets) is 1,050-1,060, for an average of 1,057 men, women – 1,053. It depends mainly on the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin contained in them, and to a lesser extent – the composition of the liquid portion of the blood; […]...
5. Functions of erythrocytes The first main function is to absorb erythrocytes oxygen in the lungs and transfer it into the tissue and capillaries in the absorption of carbon dioxide in the capillaries of tissues and sending it to the lungs. This function is performed by hemoglobin. The implementation of this function is crucial erythrocyte surface, which is due […]...
6. The work of the heart during exercise The frequency and strength of heart muscle contractions during operation increase significantly. Muscular work quickens the pulse lying less than sitting or standing. Maximum blood pressure increased to 200 mmHg. and more. The increase in blood pressure occurs in the first 3-5 minutes of the start of work and then have the strengths of people […]...
7. Heart Rate Measurement The walls of the arteries felt vibrations associated with the rhythmic contractions of the heart. These fluctuations are referred to as pulse. Recording pulse curve fluctuations artery wall is made by a special device – called sphygmography sphygmograms. On sphygmograms distinguish steep climb – anakroticheskoe knee descent – katakroticheskoe knee and downhill dicrotic rise. The […]...
8. The velocity of blood For the rate of blood flow is the total accumulated value of the cross section of the blood vessel. The smaller total cross-section, the greater the velocity of the fluid. Conversely, the greater the total cross-section, the slower the flow of fluid. From this it follows that the amount of fluid flowing through any cross-section, […]...
9. Gas exchange in the tissues Internal or tissue, breathing is performed as follows. Since tissue tension resulting CO2 metabolism reaches 7980-9310 Pa and venous blood – 6118-6251 Pa CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the venous blood from venous blood and – in alveolar air. The arterial blood pressure 13566-13965 Pa. In the tissues of O2 consumed and, therefore, its […]...
10. Gas exchange in the lung Gas exchange between blood and alveolar air (external respiration) is associated with the structure of the lungs. The number of alveoli in humans approximately 700 million. For pulmonary respiration is important respiratory surface, or the surface of the alveoli, which comes in men to 130 m2, and in women – to 103.5 m2. Respiratory alveolar […]...
11. The number, composition and general properties of the blood Blood – opaque adhesive red liquid, salty taste which consists of two parts: the plasma and formed elements – erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. The amount and composition of the blood vary continuously, but differ relative constancy of each species. The amount of blood, the structure and the number of formed elements, the chemical composition of […]...
12. Intracellular breath Oxidation occurs in the tissues and cells noncellular substance. It consists of: 1) hydrogen or recoil dehydrogenation 2) joining the O2 and 3) transfer claim background or changes valency. Oxidation begins with dehydration, t. E. With the fact that dehydrogenase enzymes activated hydrogen, a part of the oxidizing agents. Then, the oxidation of hydrogen to […]...
13. The blood circulation in the lungs and the brain The blood vessels of the lung tissue and bronchus blood comes from the systemic circulation and the pulmonary alveoli into the vessels – from the right ventricle, i. e. in a small circle of blood circulation. The surface of the capillaries of the pulmonary circulation of about 70 cm2. All blood passes through the lungs […]...
14. Reticuloendothelial system Leukocyte function but also has a special system of cells scattered throughout the body – the reticuloendothelial system. It is a system of reticular and endothelial cells, as well as their related connective tissue cells (histiocytes), which is at least one organ that performs the function of absorbing and processing a variety of colloidal and […]...
15. Changes in the composition of blood In the last century it found that the irritation of the nerves going to the bone marrow, causing an increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood of dogs by 13-15% (SP Botkin, 1883). Irritation of the visual analyzer elongational photoperiod increases the total amount of proteins in the plasma, while increasing […]...
16. Redistribution of blood in the body The blood in humans and higher animals, distributed among authorities, depending on their activity. Working hard body supplied with blood, the blood supply is reduced to idle. In humans, at 100 grams of tissue prepared blood alone average cm3 / min kidney – 430 heart – 66 Liver – 57, brain – 53. The local […]...
17. Blood Blood – the most important part of the internal environment of the body that performs multiple physiological functions. In the digestive tract, it is enriched with the components of food, dissolved in water, and spread them out throughout the body. In the lungs, the blood is enriched with oxygen, which is delivered to all organs […]...
18. Carbon dioxide in the blood Unlike oxygen, which is associated only with the hemoglobin to carbon dioxide have a specific transporter, it binds to various substances. 1% of blood is carbon dioxide free carbon dioxide, 3% of the physically dissolved in the plasma, about 47 volume percent due to the plasma in the form of carbonates (bicarbonates) in erythrocytes – […]...
19. Blood pressure Blood moves through the circulatory system due to the pressure difference between aorta and the mouth of the hollow veins. Reducing the differential pressure slows the blood flow and the fall of this difference to zero completely stops blood flow. Also the heart, the magnitude of blood pressure affects the blood vessels and the filling […]...
20. Intracardiac pressure In humans during systole pressure in the atria of 5-8 mm Hg. st., in the left ventricle of 130-150 mm Hg. v., in the right ventricular pressure is less than the left, 2.5-3 times. Horses and cattle during systole pressure in the atria – 10-30 mm Hg. st., in the left ventricle – 180-200 mm […]...
21. Hemoglobin Hemoglobin – a protein macromolecular compound belonging to the group chromoproteids. Its density of about 66 000 – 68 000. It is readily soluble in water. Hydrolysis without air splits globin protein (96%) and an iron-containing pigment – gems (4%). The iron content of hemoglobin in the whole human body is equal to about 2.5 […]...
22. Regulation of cardiac activity During the life of a person repeatedly as the alternate periods of high physical and emotional stress, and periods of relative calm. Therefore, the parameters of the heart must vary greatly depending on the load on the body. Regulation of cardiac activity in two ways: neural and humoral. The nervous regulation of the heart made […]...
23. Reproduction of organisms One of the main characteristics of the animal organism – the ability to grow or reproduce. In multicellular animal organisms cells multiply over a lifetime by fission, or mitosis (karyokinesis). After mitosis in each daughter cell remains the same number of chromosomes (diploid chromosomes) of the same type as in the parent cell. In the […]...
24. The movement of blood through the vessels Blood flow through the vessels is determined by two factors: the difference in blood pressure in the arteries and veins, which is supported by contractions of the heart, and the resistance of the walls of the vascular bed to blood flow. Blood flow rate is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of ​​blood vessels. […]...
25. Hemogenesis In the adult shaped elements – erythrocytes, granulocytes, or granular leukocytes, and platelets – are formed mainly in the bone marrow of flat bones: sternum, ribs, spine and in the ends (epiphysis) bones. Lymphocytes develop in the lymph nodes and spleen, and also in the thymus, monocytes – in the bone marrow and reticular cells. […]...
26. The sympathetic nerves of the heart Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves of the heart causes an acceleration of the heart. This fact was discovered in 1866 by brothers Zion, who called fiber, providing an action accelerators heart. Gaskell found a turtle, and Pavlov in dogs exist enhancing cardiac sympathetic nerve, stimulation of which increases the strength of cardiac contractions and may […]...
27. Sanguimotion Blood moves in blood vessels due to the energy produced by heartbeats and creating the blood pressure in the aorta. The energy consumed in blood pressure on the movement of blood through the blood vessels and blood circulation in them is done by the physical laws of the movement of fluids in the tubing. Most […]...
28. The growth and development of the organism Since the inception to death as a result of metabolism is the development of an organism – regular changes in its chemical composition and structure. In the process of development to the complicated structure of the maturation of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Development takes place heterochronically, Cells, tissues and organs mature simultaneously. From […]...
29. Vessels and circulation In humans, as in all mammals – a closed circulatory system, blood circulates in the body through the vessels. Heart blood flowing through the arteries. The pressure in the arteries is relatively large, and they have a dense three-layer walls. Outer layer – of connective tissue, middle layer – smooth muscle, the inner layer is […]...
30. Irritability and stimuli The ability of the body, its organs and tissues alter metabolism in response to stimulation is called irritability. Irritability is determined plasticity of proteins. In its simplest form it manifests as irritability direct interaction between cells and food as the capture and assimilation of food. Certain external environment cause an increase or decrease metabolism, quantitative […]...
31. Nervously humoral regulation of the heart Nervously humoral regulation of the heart plays a subordinate role, as changes in metabolism caused by the nervous system. Shifts of various substances in the blood, in turn, influence the regulation of reflex cardiovascular system. At the heart is affected by changes in potassium and calcium in the blood. The increase in the potassium content […]...
32. The movement of lymph The average weight of a human body with 60 kg has about 40 dm3 of water that is 25 dm3 in the intercellular and interstitial spaces. At night in the adult through the left thoracic duct alone and on an empty stomach lymph flows 1200-1500 cm3. Lymph – a colorless liquid, alkaline, containing 3-4% of […]...
33. Vagus nerve heart Stimulation of the vagus nerves causes inhibition of contractions of the heart until it stops in diastole (the brothers Weber, 1845). In the history of the physiology of this fact was the first case of the retarding effect on the body to the stimulation of the nerve. Slow heartbeat during stimulation of the vagus nerves […]...
34. The exchange of water and mineral salts Water – the most common substance in our body. Adult human consists of water by about 65%, and the human embryo contains about 90% water. The day the human body loses about 2.0-2.5 liters of water. The same amount he receives in the amount with the drink (1.0 L) and food (1.0 L). Water and […]...
35. Irritability, agitation and lability General properties of the animal organism, its organs, tissues and cells – excitability and lability. Excitability – the ability to respond actively to the process of excitation to a variety of impacts on the environment or changes in the internal environment of the body. Metabolic processes constantly occur in organs, tissues and cells. Therefore in […]...
36. Origin of Life on Earth Life originated on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. This was preceded by a very long abiogenic (abiotic) molecular evolution. Modern science has completely denied all the myths about the sudden “miraculous” appearance of life. Insolvency were also theories about the drift of life from space. Now we can imagine the conditions under which the […]...
37. Ecological and biological role of proteins in cells Because proteins (along with nucleic acid) – a substance of life, their function in the cells are very diverse. 1. The most important function of protein molecules is the structural feature consists in the fact that the protein – an essential component of all the structures that form the cell in which it is included […]...
38. The phases of cardiac activity Heart rhythmically reduced. Reducing heart is pumping blood from the atria to the ventricles and the ventricles of the blood vessels, but also creates a difference in blood pressure in the arterial and venous system, through which the blood moves. The phase of contraction of the heart is referred to as systole, and relaxation – […]...
39. Digestion in the stomach The food from the mouth to the stomach, which is subjected to further chemical or mechanical processing. Children 10-12 years gastric capacity comes up to 1500 cm3, adults – to 3 dm3. People who consume a lot of liquids, the capacity of the stomach even more, and in some cases can reach up to 5-10 […]...
40. Proteins Proteins, or proteins – complex, high molecular weight organic compounds consisting of the amino acids. They represent the main, most important of all cells and tissues of animals and plants, without which there can be carried out vital physiological processes. Proteins vary in composition and properties in a variety of animal and plant organisms in […]...