Digestion in the stomach

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1. Digestion Digestion – a combination of physical and chemical processes in the conversion of food substances which may be absorbed by the cells of the body and used for energy purposes or plastic. Throughout his life a person must consume foods. As a result of the conversion of nutrients the body receives the material is used […]...
2. Hemogenesis In the adult shaped elements – erythrocytes, granulocytes, or granular leukocytes, and platelets – are formed mainly in the bone marrow of flat bones: sternum, ribs, spine and in the ends (epiphysis) bones. Lymphocytes develop in the lymph nodes and spleen, and also in the thymus, monocytes – in the bone marrow and reticular cells. […]...
3. Reticuloendothelial system Leukocyte function but also has a special system of cells scattered throughout the body – the reticuloendothelial system. It is a system of reticular and endothelial cells, as well as their related connective tissue cells (histiocytes), which is at least one organ that performs the function of absorbing and processing a variety of colloidal and […]...
4. Sanguimotion Blood moves in blood vessels due to the energy produced by heartbeats and creating the blood pressure in the aorta. The energy consumed in blood pressure on the movement of blood through the blood vessels and blood circulation in them is done by the physical laws of the movement of fluids in the tubing. Most […]...
5. Reproduction of organisms One of the main characteristics of the animal organism – the ability to grow or reproduce. In multicellular animal organisms cells multiply over a lifetime by fission, or mitosis (karyokinesis). After mitosis in each daughter cell remains the same number of chromosomes (diploid chromosomes) of the same type as in the parent cell. In the […]...
6. Functions of erythrocytes The first main function is to absorb erythrocytes oxygen in the lungs and transfer it into the tissue and capillaries in the absorption of carbon dioxide in the capillaries of tissues and sending it to the lungs. This function is performed by hemoglobin. The implementation of this function is crucial erythrocyte surface, which is due […]...
7. Saliva, its composition and digestive action Saliva – a colorless, slightly opalescent, foaming is easily stretching into threads liquid odorless and tasteless, alkaline. The alkalinity it varies from person to person and from one and the same person during the day (pH 5,25-7,54). Saliva may be acidic, especially after meals. Reaction saliva and composition differ from the animals of human saliva. […]...
8. Brief description of the composition, structure and ecological role of fats Fats – organic compounds are esters formed by residues of higher fatty acids and certain alcohols, eg glycerol. Lipids – fat-like substances; this group includes and various fats. Among the fat of great practical and ecological importance glycerides. Glycerides – esters are the reaction product of a trihydric alcohol – glycerol and higher fatty acids. […]...
9. Physiological and physico-chemical properties of blood The density and viscosity of the blood The density of human blood (and pets) is 1,050-1,060, for an average of 1,057 men, women – 1,053. It depends mainly on the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin contained in them, and to a lesser extent – the composition of the liquid portion of the blood; […]...
10. The salivary glands and their functions All oral cancer in my position are divided into two groups: 1) the small salivary glands mucosa or submucosal layer – labial, palatine, buccal, dental, lingual, 2) major salivary glands – the parotid, submandibular and sublingual. The salivary gland is not only involved in digestion, but at a distance from the body of the residual […]...
11. Proteins Proteins, or proteins – complex, high molecular weight organic compounds consisting of the amino acids. They represent the main, most important of all cells and tissues of animals and plants, without which there can be carried out vital physiological processes. Proteins vary in composition and properties in a variety of animal and plant organisms in […]...
12. The exchange of water and mineral salts Water – the most common substance in our body. Adult human consists of water by about 65%, and the human embryo contains about 90% water. The day the human body loses about 2.0-2.5 liters of water. The same amount he receives in the amount with the drink (1.0 L) and food (1.0 L). Water and […]...
13. Heart Rate Measurement The walls of the arteries felt vibrations associated with the rhythmic contractions of the heart. These fluctuations are referred to as pulse. Recording pulse curve fluctuations artery wall is made by a special device – called sphygmography sphygmograms. On sphygmograms distinguish steep climb – anakroticheskoe knee descent – katakroticheskoe knee and downhill dicrotic rise. The […]...
14. Intracardiac pressure In humans during systole pressure in the atria of 5-8 mm Hg. st., in the left ventricle of 130-150 mm Hg. v., in the right ventricular pressure is less than the left, 2.5-3 times. Horses and cattle during systole pressure in the atria – 10-30 mm Hg. st., in the left ventricle – 180-200 mm […]...
15. Gas exchange in the tissues Internal or tissue, breathing is performed as follows. Since tissue tension resulting CO2 metabolism reaches 7980-9310 Pa and venous blood – 6118-6251 Pa CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the venous blood from venous blood and – in alveolar air. The arterial blood pressure 13566-13965 Pa. In the tissues of O2 consumed and, therefore, its […]...
16. Irritability, agitation and lability General properties of the animal organism, its organs, tissues and cells – excitability and lability. Excitability – the ability to respond actively to the process of excitation to a variety of impacts on the environment or changes in the internal environment of the body. Metabolic processes constantly occur in organs, tissues and cells. Therefore in […]...
17. The work of the heart during exercise The frequency and strength of heart muscle contractions during operation increase significantly. Muscular work quickens the pulse lying less than sitting or standing. Maximum blood pressure increased to 200 mmHg. and more. The increase in blood pressure occurs in the first 3-5 minutes of the start of work and then have the strengths of people […]...
18. Brief description of the physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of the protein The properties of the protein molecules are important for the realization of their biological and ecological characteristics. Thus, the state of aggregation proteins referred to as solid substances which may be soluble or insoluble in water or other solvents. Much of bioecological as determined by the physical properties of proteins. Thus, the ability of the […]...
19. Blood pressure Blood moves through the circulatory system due to the pressure difference between aorta and the mouth of the hollow veins. Reducing the differential pressure slows the blood flow and the fall of this difference to zero completely stops blood flow. Also the heart, the magnitude of blood pressure affects the blood vessels and the filling […]...
20. Blood Blood – the most important part of the internal environment of the body that performs multiple physiological functions. In the digestive tract, it is enriched with the components of food, dissolved in water, and spread them out throughout the body. In the lungs, the blood is enriched with oxygen, which is delivered to all organs […]...
21. Carbon dioxide in the blood Unlike oxygen, which is associated only with the hemoglobin to carbon dioxide have a specific transporter, it binds to various substances. 1% of blood is carbon dioxide free carbon dioxide, 3% of the physically dissolved in the plasma, about 47 volume percent due to the plasma in the form of carbonates (bicarbonates) in erythrocytes – […]...
22. Redistribution of blood in the body The blood in humans and higher animals, distributed among authorities, depending on their activity. Working hard body supplied with blood, the blood supply is reduced to idle. In humans, at 100 grams of tissue prepared blood alone average cm3 / min kidney – 430 heart – 66 Liver – 57, brain – 53. The local […]...
23. The blood circulation in the lungs and the brain The blood vessels of the lung tissue and bronchus blood comes from the systemic circulation and the pulmonary alveoli into the vessels – from the right ventricle, i. e. in a small circle of blood circulation. The surface of the capillaries of the pulmonary circulation of about 70 cm2. All blood passes through the lungs […]...
24. The movement of lymph The average weight of a human body with 60 kg has about 40 dm3 of water that is 25 dm3 in the intercellular and interstitial spaces. At night in the adult through the left thoracic duct alone and on an empty stomach lymph flows 1200-1500 cm3. Lymph – a colorless liquid, alkaline, containing 3-4% of […]...
25. Irritability and stimuli The ability of the body, its organs and tissues alter metabolism in response to stimulation is called irritability. Irritability is determined plasticity of proteins. In its simplest form it manifests as irritability direct interaction between cells and food as the capture and assimilation of food. Certain external environment cause an increase or decrease metabolism, quantitative […]...
26. The phases of cardiac activity Heart rhythmically reduced. Reducing heart is pumping blood from the atria to the ventricles and the ventricles of the blood vessels, but also creates a difference in blood pressure in the arterial and venous system, through which the blood moves. The phase of contraction of the heart is referred to as systole, and relaxation – […]...
27. The physiological processes in the body In carrying out functions as a result of changes in metabolism in the body occur physical, chemical and morphological changes. Physical and chemical processes in living organisms are made by the same laws as in the inorganic nature. Therefore physiology – not only biological science, but to some extent also physics and chemistry of the […]...
28. Features of regulation of pulmonary respiration in aquatic animals The animals are morphological adaptations: a sharp increase in the chest, particularly powerful respiratory muscles, greater mobility of the chest, open up the nostrils (whales, dolphins). Dolphins 3 times the alveoli than in humans. In cetaceans in the small bronchi have muscle zhomy, long retaining the air. Physiological adaptations in aquatic animals following. Firstly, the […]...
29. Мейнстрім – що це таке? Мейнстрім (в перекладі з англійської Main Stream означає “основна течія”) це в первісному значенні напрямок у мистецтві, яке вважається найбільш популярним і поширеним. Класичними прикладами мейнстріму в російській музиці можна вважати Бі-2, Чайф, Мумій Троля і Земфіру. Слово “мейнстрім” сьогодні застосовується не тільки до музики і в більш широкому сенсі означає банальщину і заяложеність, “те, […]...
30. Place physiology among other sciences Physiology is divided into a general, private, or special, comparative, evolutionary and human physiology. General physiology studies the basic processes of life common to all living beings, the indigenous, the qualitative differences between the living and the nonliving, the general laws of the changes of body functions in a variety of external environment, Private or […]...
31. Allergy and Anaphylaxis Allergy – a perverse response to the animal organism in the re-introduction of foreign proteins, microbes, viruses, microbial toxins, or other substances. This is a complex afterimpression nervous system as a protective and pathological character after the introduction of said allergens. Allergy is manifested in two forms. Firstly, in the form of acquired immunity. This […]...
32. Об’ємна знижка Об’ємна знижка (знижка за обсяг, volume merchandise allowance) – знижка, що надається за покупку великої кількості (знижка за обсяг покупки). Об’ємна знижка – знижка виробника, пропонована оптовому або роздрібному покупцеві за придбання товару у великому обсязі. Часто, об’ємна знижка надається за вибірку певного заздалегідь обсягу продукції, вираженого в натуральному або вартісному вираженні. Для отримання об’ємної […]...
33. The velocity of blood For the rate of blood flow is the total accumulated value of the cross section of the blood vessel. The smaller total cross-section, the greater the velocity of the fluid. Conversely, the greater the total cross-section, the slower the flow of fluid. From this it follows that the amount of fluid flowing through any cross-section, […]...
34. Regulation of cardiac activity During the life of a person repeatedly as the alternate periods of high physical and emotional stress, and periods of relative calm. Therefore, the parameters of the heart must vary greatly depending on the load on the body. Regulation of cardiac activity in two ways: neural and humoral. The nervous regulation of the heart made […]...
35. Обсяг торгів Обсяг торгів (Volume, Trade Volume) – це кількість акцій, що приймали участь в торгових операціях, за певний період часу. Щоб розуміти обсяг торгів, треба знати, що: 1. Будь-який рух на ринку прямує “великими грошима”. 2. Вони вливаються великими операторами: центробанками, державними і приватними банками, транснаціональними корпораціями, інвестиційними та хеджевимі фондами, великими брокерськими компаніями. 3. Простежити […]...
36. Середа системи програмування Delphi Середа системи програмування Delphi показана на рис. 2.12. Вона складається з наступних елементів. Рядок заголовка (угорі вікна). Рядок головного меню і командні кнопки (під рядком заголовка). Вікно конструктора форм. Розташовується в центрі екрану на вкладці Design (див. Рис. 2.12). Форма використовується для конструювання інтерфейсу проектованого додатки шляхом розміщення на ній елементів управління (елементів інтерфейсу). Вікно […]...
37. Що таке мейнстрім? Мейнстрім (з англійської Main Stream перекладається як основна течія) – це в класичному розумінні слова найбільш популярний і поширений напрямок у мистецтві. В якості прикладів мейнстріму в російській музиці можна згадати такі групи Бі-2 І Чичеріна, Крематорій, Чайф і т. д. Однак сьогодні під словом “мейнстрім” найчастіше розуміють щось інше, так мейнстрімом вважається банальщина і […]...
38. Возможные последствия контактов с чужими цивилизациями Сейчас создана международная организация SЕТИ (англ. Search of Extra Terrestrial Intelligence – поиски внеземного разума), которая разработала широкую программу поисков жизни во Вселенной. Возникает вопрос: для чего мы ведем поиски инопланетных цивилизаций? Может ли такой контакт с внеземным разумом принести нам какую-то дополнительную информацию и поможет выжить человечеству в этом странном мире? Дело в том, […]...
39. Проба з субмаксимальними навантаженнями Існують методи, за допомогою яких можна визначати не тільки якість реакції серця і судин на фізичне навантаження, але і фізичну працездатність (кількість роботи при певній частоті серцевих скорочень). У практиці лікувальної фізкультури (і в спортивній медицині) використовуються проби з субмаксимальними фізичними навантаженнями, наприклад PWC (physical working capacity, або фізична працездатність) 170: можлива потужність роботи, яку […]...
40. Апоптоз – імунологія Апоптоз (від грец. Apoptosis – листопад) – програмована (регульована) загибель клітин шляхом деградації її компонентів (включаючи конденсацію хроматину і фрагментації ДНК) з наступним фагоцитозом макрофагами. Необхідні для апоптозу гени (“програма смерті”) є в кожній клітині, але їх транскрипція починається тільки при отриманні кліткою сигналу. – Контроль апоптозу реалізується двома шляхами: ♦ “Зовнішній” (рецепторний) шлях запускає […]...