Sanguimotion

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1. Blood pressure Blood moves through the circulatory system due to the pressure difference between aorta and the mouth of the hollow veins. Reducing the differential pressure slows the blood flow and the fall of this difference to zero completely stops blood flow. Also the heart, the magnitude of blood pressure affects the blood vessels and the filling […]...
2. The velocity of blood For the rate of blood flow is the total accumulated value of the cross section of the blood vessel. The smaller total cross-section, the greater the velocity of the fluid. Conversely, the greater the total cross-section, the slower the flow of fluid. From this it follows that the amount of fluid flowing through any cross-section, […]...
3. The phases of cardiac activity Heart rhythmically reduced. Reducing heart is pumping blood from the atria to the ventricles and the ventricles of the blood vessels, but also creates a difference in blood pressure in the arterial and venous system, through which the blood moves. The phase of contraction of the heart is referred to as systole, and relaxation – […]...
4. Heart Rate Measurement The walls of the arteries felt vibrations associated with the rhythmic contractions of the heart. These fluctuations are referred to as pulse. Recording pulse curve fluctuations artery wall is made by a special device – called sphygmography sphygmograms. On sphygmograms distinguish steep climb – anakroticheskoe knee descent – katakroticheskoe knee and downhill dicrotic rise. The […]...
5. The blood circulation in the lungs and the brain The blood vessels of the lung tissue and bronchus blood comes from the systemic circulation and the pulmonary alveoli into the vessels – from the right ventricle, i. e. in a small circle of blood circulation. The surface of the capillaries of the pulmonary circulation of about 70 cm2. All blood passes through the lungs […]...
6. The movement of lymph The average weight of a human body with 60 kg has about 40 dm3 of water that is 25 dm3 in the intercellular and interstitial spaces. At night in the adult through the left thoracic duct alone and on an empty stomach lymph flows 1200-1500 cm3. Lymph – a colorless liquid, alkaline, containing 3-4% of […]...
7. Redistribution of blood in the body The blood in humans and higher animals, distributed among authorities, depending on their activity. Working hard body supplied with blood, the blood supply is reduced to idle. In humans, at 100 grams of tissue prepared blood alone average cm3 / min kidney – 430 heart – 66 Liver – 57, brain – 53. The local […]...
8. The work of the heart during exercise The frequency and strength of heart muscle contractions during operation increase significantly. Muscular work quickens the pulse lying less than sitting or standing. Maximum blood pressure increased to 200 mmHg. and more. The increase in blood pressure occurs in the first 3-5 minutes of the start of work and then have the strengths of people […]...
9. Intracardiac pressure In humans during systole pressure in the atria of 5-8 mm Hg. st., in the left ventricle of 130-150 mm Hg. v., in the right ventricular pressure is less than the left, 2.5-3 times. Horses and cattle during systole pressure in the atria – 10-30 mm Hg. st., in the left ventricle – 180-200 mm […]...
10. Blood Blood – the most important part of the internal environment of the body that performs multiple physiological functions. In the digestive tract, it is enriched with the components of food, dissolved in water, and spread them out throughout the body. In the lungs, the blood is enriched with oxygen, which is delivered to all organs […]...
11. Regulation of cardiac activity During the life of a person repeatedly as the alternate periods of high physical and emotional stress, and periods of relative calm. Therefore, the parameters of the heart must vary greatly depending on the load on the body. Regulation of cardiac activity in two ways: neural and humoral. The nervous regulation of the heart made […]...
12. Gas exchange in the tissues Internal or tissue, breathing is performed as follows. Since tissue tension resulting CO2 metabolism reaches 7980-9310 Pa and venous blood – 6118-6251 Pa CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the venous blood from venous blood and – in alveolar air. The arterial blood pressure 13566-13965 Pa. In the tissues of O2 consumed and, therefore, its […]...
13. Reticuloendothelial system Leukocyte function but also has a special system of cells scattered throughout the body – the reticuloendothelial system. It is a system of reticular and endothelial cells, as well as their related connective tissue cells (histiocytes), which is at least one organ that performs the function of absorbing and processing a variety of colloidal and […]...
14. Physiological and physico-chemical properties of blood The density and viscosity of the blood The density of human blood (and pets) is 1,050-1,060, for an average of 1,057 men, women – 1,053. It depends mainly on the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin contained in them, and to a lesser extent – the composition of the liquid portion of the blood; […]...
15. Nervous regulation of the heart Under normal physiological conditions, the activity of the heart at each point corresponds to changes in the environment surrounding the body, and the vibrations of its internal environment. This correspondence of the heart conditions of existence of the body due to the reflex regulation of the activity of the heart. Nerve impulses that regulate the […]...
16. The sympathetic nerves of the heart Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves of the heart causes an acceleration of the heart. This fact was discovered in 1866 by brothers Zion, who called fiber, providing an action accelerators heart. Gaskell found a turtle, and Pavlov in dogs exist enhancing cardiac sympathetic nerve, stimulation of which increases the strength of cardiac contractions and may […]...
17. Features of regulation of pulmonary respiration in aquatic animals The animals are morphological adaptations: a sharp increase in the chest, particularly powerful respiratory muscles, greater mobility of the chest, open up the nostrils (whales, dolphins). Dolphins 3 times the alveoli than in humans. In cetaceans in the small bronchi have muscle zhomy, long retaining the air. Physiological adaptations in aquatic animals following. Firstly, the […]...
18. Digestion Digestion – a combination of physical and chemical processes in the conversion of food substances which may be absorbed by the cells of the body and used for energy purposes or plastic. Throughout his life a person must consume foods. As a result of the conversion of nutrients the body receives the material is used […]...
19. Functions of erythrocytes The first main function is to absorb erythrocytes oxygen in the lungs and transfer it into the tissue and capillaries in the absorption of carbon dioxide in the capillaries of tissues and sending it to the lungs. This function is performed by hemoglobin. The implementation of this function is crucial erythrocyte surface, which is due […]...
20. Gas exchange in the lung Gas exchange between blood and alveolar air (external respiration) is associated with the structure of the lungs. The number of alveoli in humans approximately 700 million. For pulmonary respiration is important respiratory surface, or the surface of the alveoli, which comes in men to 130 m2, and in women – to 103.5 m2. Respiratory alveolar […]...
21. Hemogenesis In the adult shaped elements – erythrocytes, granulocytes, or granular leukocytes, and platelets – are formed mainly in the bone marrow of flat bones: sternum, ribs, spine and in the ends (epiphysis) bones. Lymphocytes develop in the lymph nodes and spleen, and also in the thymus, monocytes – in the bone marrow and reticular cells. […]...
22. Carbon dioxide in the blood Unlike oxygen, which is associated only with the hemoglobin to carbon dioxide have a specific transporter, it binds to various substances. 1% of blood is carbon dioxide free carbon dioxide, 3% of the physically dissolved in the plasma, about 47 volume percent due to the plasma in the form of carbonates (bicarbonates) in erythrocytes – […]...
23. Irritability and stimuli The ability of the body, its organs and tissues alter metabolism in response to stimulation is called irritability. Irritability is determined plasticity of proteins. In its simplest form it manifests as irritability direct interaction between cells and food as the capture and assimilation of food. Certain external environment cause an increase or decrease metabolism, quantitative […]...
24. Digestion in the stomach The food from the mouth to the stomach, which is subjected to further chemical or mechanical processing. Children 10-12 years gastric capacity comes up to 1500 cm3, adults – to 3 dm3. People who consume a lot of liquids, the capacity of the stomach even more, and in some cases can reach up to 5-10 […]...
25. Brief description of the composition, structure and ecological role of fats Fats – organic compounds are esters formed by residues of higher fatty acids and certain alcohols, eg glycerol. Lipids – fat-like substances; this group includes and various fats. Among the fat of great practical and ecological importance glycerides. Glycerides – esters are the reaction product of a trihydric alcohol – glycerol and higher fatty acids. […]...
26. The exchange of water and mineral salts Water – the most common substance in our body. Adult human consists of water by about 65%, and the human embryo contains about 90% water. The day the human body loses about 2.0-2.5 liters of water. The same amount he receives in the amount with the drink (1.0 L) and food (1.0 L). Water and […]...
27. The physiological processes in the body In carrying out functions as a result of changes in metabolism in the body occur physical, chemical and morphological changes. Physical and chemical processes in living organisms are made by the same laws as in the inorganic nature. Therefore physiology – not only biological science, but to some extent also physics and chemistry of the […]...
28. “Моє серце в верховині і душа моя…” (1789) – Роберт БЕРНС 1759-1796 – ПОЕТИЧНЕ БАЧЕННЯ СВІТУ Коментарі Шотландія складається з двох історико-географічних частин: Хайленде (дослівно – верховина) і Лоулендс (дослівно – низовина). Гірська частина – це суворий край із безлюдними долинами. З давніх-давен гори захищали країну від завойовників, давали притулок, їжу й водночас загартовували мужність і волю шотландців. На цій землі народилося чимало хоробрих воїнів, видатних дослідників, політиків, винахідників. Хайленде укритий […]...
29. Irritability, agitation and lability General properties of the animal organism, its organs, tissues and cells – excitability and lability. Excitability – the ability to respond actively to the process of excitation to a variety of impacts on the environment or changes in the internal environment of the body. Metabolic processes constantly occur in organs, tissues and cells. Therefore in […]...
30. Запаси нафти в США Нафтова промисловість є найважливішою галуззю енергетичного господарства Сполучених Штатів. Нафта США зосереджена в основному в південно-західних штатах – Луїзіані, Техасі, Нью-Мексико, Оклахомі. Вони постачають понад 70% видобутого в країні вищевказаного природного ресурсу. США знаходяться на третьому місці в світі серед країн, які видобувають нафту (лідерство займають Саудівська Аравія і Російська Федерація). Нафта США: основні родовища […]...
31. The impact of the cerebral hemispheres in the activity of the respiratory center The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata is under the effect of nerve impulses from the encircling gyrus, striped bodies, thalamus, hypothalamic region, midbrain, cerebellum and premotor areas of the cerebral hemispheres. Irritation of the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain causes changes in respiratory movements (VY Danilevsky, 1874). The animals were […]...
32. GOGOL – ТУМАС ЙОСТА ТРАНСТРЕМЕР – ШВЕЦІЯ – СУЧАСНА ЛІТЕРАТУРА В ЮНАЦЬКОМУ ЧИТАННІ – посібник-хрестоматія The jacket threadbare as a wolf pack. The face like a marble slab. Sitting in the circle of his letters in the grove that rustles With scorn and error, The heart blowing like a scrap of paper through the inhospitable Passageways. The sunset is now creeping like a fox over this country, Igniting the grass […]...
33. Brief description of the physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of the protein The properties of the protein molecules are important for the realization of their biological and ecological characteristics. Thus, the state of aggregation proteins referred to as solid substances which may be soluble or insoluble in water or other solvents. Much of bioecological as determined by the physical properties of proteins. Thus, the ability of the […]...
34. The salivary glands and their functions All oral cancer in my position are divided into two groups: 1) the small salivary glands mucosa or submucosal layer – labial, palatine, buccal, dental, lingual, 2) major salivary glands – the parotid, submandibular and sublingual. The salivary gland is not only involved in digestion, but at a distance from the body of the residual […]...
35. Текст гімну США Оригінальний текст гімну США: O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof […]...
36. 12 цікавих фактів про Велику Китайську Стіну Велика Китайська Стіна – одне з справжніх чудес світу, найграндіозніша споруда, коли-небудь, побудоване людством за всю історію цивілізації. Перед масштабністю цього проекту тьмяніють навіть знамениті єгипетські піраміди! Побачити Велику Стіну своїми очима виразно варто. Хоча б раз у житті. Цікаві факти про Велику Китайську Стіну Будівництво Великої Китайської Стіни було розпочато, щоб захиститися від нападів […]...
37. Контрастивний аналіз як основний метод зіставлення оригіналу з перекладом (на основі перекладів творів О. Кобилянської) Контрастивний аналіз є основним метод зіставлення оригіналу з перекладом. За визначенням М. П. Кочергана контрастивний аналіз – це сукупність прийомів дослідження й описує мови через її системне порівняння з іншою мовою з метою виявлення її специфіки. Він спрямований передусім на виявлення відмінностей між зіставлюваними мовами. Контраcтивний аналіз встановлює між порівнюваними мовами відношення контрасту на всіх […]...
38. Властивості і функції сну і неспання “Сон – це специфічний стан нервової системи з характерними рисами й циклами мозкової діяльності… Перехід від стану неспання до стану сну відбувається миттєво” (Ф. Блум і співавт., 1988). І далі: “Сон – НЕ перерву в діяльності мозку, а просто інший стан свідомості” (виділено нами. – Авт.). Під час сну активно функціонують нейрони, причому у сні […]...
39. Бренд Бренд (brand) – спочатку, клеймо, фабрична марка, яким відзначали товар. Зазвичай більшість маркетологів під брендом (brand) розуміють назву, термін, знак, символ, колір, зображення, звук, точніше їх комбінацію, призначені для того, щоб диференціювати продукт (послугу) від продуктів конкурентів. Іноді термін бренд використовується в більш широкому сенсі, тоді він включає весь комплекс уявлень про компанію і може […]...
40. Генетичні пояснення структурних ознак Подальші можливості генетичного пояснення структурних ознак. У попередніх розділах, що стосуються зокрема тіпоморфних структур, геологічних термометрів і реліктів, автор неодноразово говорив про значення структур для пояснення умов утворення родовищ. При цьому багато разів підкреслювалося, що наведені дані є аж ніяк не повними. Тут наводиться тільки кілька можливих пояснень, які не були охоплені попередніми розділами. Такий […]...