The impact of the cerebral hemispheres in the activity of the respiratory center

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1. Regulation of cardiac activity During the life of a person repeatedly as the alternate periods of high physical and emotional stress, and periods of relative calm. Therefore, the parameters of the heart must vary greatly depending on the load on the body. Regulation of cardiac activity in two ways: neural and humoral. The nervous regulation of the heart made […]...
2. Vagus nerve heart Stimulation of the vagus nerves causes inhibition of contractions of the heart until it stops in diastole (the brothers Weber, 1845). In the history of the physiology of this fact was the first case of the retarding effect on the body to the stimulation of the nerve. Slow heartbeat during stimulation of the vagus nerves […]...
3. Changes in the composition of blood In the last century it found that the irritation of the nerves going to the bone marrow, causing an increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood of dogs by 13-15% (SP Botkin, 1883). Irritation of the visual analyzer elongational photoperiod increases the total amount of proteins in the plasma, while increasing […]...
4. Nervous regulation of the heart Under normal physiological conditions, the activity of the heart at each point corresponds to changes in the environment surrounding the body, and the vibrations of its internal environment. This correspondence of the heart conditions of existence of the body due to the reflex regulation of the activity of the heart. Nerve impulses that regulate the […]...
5. The blood circulation in the lungs and the brain The blood vessels of the lung tissue and bronchus blood comes from the systemic circulation and the pulmonary alveoli into the vessels – from the right ventricle, i. e. in a small circle of blood circulation. The surface of the capillaries of the pulmonary circulation of about 70 cm2. All blood passes through the lungs […]...
6. Intracellular breath Oxidation occurs in the tissues and cells noncellular substance. It consists of: 1) hydrogen or recoil dehydrogenation 2) joining the O2 and 3) transfer claim background or changes valency. Oxidation begins with dehydration, t. E. With the fact that dehydrogenase enzymes activated hydrogen, a part of the oxidizing agents. Then, the oxidation of hydrogen to […]...
7. The phases of cardiac activity Heart rhythmically reduced. Reducing heart is pumping blood from the atria to the ventricles and the ventricles of the blood vessels, but also creates a difference in blood pressure in the arterial and venous system, through which the blood moves. The phase of contraction of the heart is referred to as systole, and relaxation – […]...
8. Blood pressure Blood moves through the circulatory system due to the pressure difference between aorta and the mouth of the hollow veins. Reducing the differential pressure slows the blood flow and the fall of this difference to zero completely stops blood flow. Also the heart, the magnitude of blood pressure affects the blood vessels and the filling […]...
9. Redistribution of blood in the body The blood in humans and higher animals, distributed among authorities, depending on their activity. Working hard body supplied with blood, the blood supply is reduced to idle. In humans, at 100 grams of tissue prepared blood alone average cm3 / min kidney – 430 heart – 66 Liver – 57, brain – 53. The local […]...
10. Digestion Digestion – a combination of physical and chemical processes in the conversion of food substances which may be absorbed by the cells of the body and used for energy purposes or plastic. Throughout his life a person must consume foods. As a result of the conversion of nutrients the body receives the material is used […]...
11. The sympathetic nerves of the heart Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves of the heart causes an acceleration of the heart. This fact was discovered in 1866 by brothers Zion, who called fiber, providing an action accelerators heart. Gaskell found a turtle, and Pavlov in dogs exist enhancing cardiac sympathetic nerve, stimulation of which increases the strength of cardiac contractions and may […]...
12. Irritability and stimuli The ability of the body, its organs and tissues alter metabolism in response to stimulation is called irritability. Irritability is determined plasticity of proteins. In its simplest form it manifests as irritability direct interaction between cells and food as the capture and assimilation of food. Certain external environment cause an increase or decrease metabolism, quantitative […]...
13. The physiology of individual organs and functional systems The metabolism in various organs, in addition to similarity, has significant differences that determine the characteristics of their functions. There are significant differences in the metabolism of different tissues that form the body. Each organ has a specific function. An independent body is relative, since it is part of the system of its activity is […]...
14. Heart Rate Measurement The walls of the arteries felt vibrations associated with the rhythmic contractions of the heart. These fluctuations are referred to as pulse. Recording pulse curve fluctuations artery wall is made by a special device – called sphygmography sphygmograms. On sphygmograms distinguish steep climb – anakroticheskoe knee descent – katakroticheskoe knee and downhill dicrotic rise. The […]...
15. Gas exchange in the tissues Internal or tissue, breathing is performed as follows. Since tissue tension resulting CO2 metabolism reaches 7980-9310 Pa and venous blood – 6118-6251 Pa CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the venous blood from venous blood and – in alveolar air. The arterial blood pressure 13566-13965 Pa. In the tissues of O2 consumed and, therefore, its […]...
16. Features of regulation of pulmonary respiration in aquatic animals The animals are morphological adaptations: a sharp increase in the chest, particularly powerful respiratory muscles, greater mobility of the chest, open up the nostrils (whales, dolphins). Dolphins 3 times the alveoli than in humans. In cetaceans in the small bronchi have muscle zhomy, long retaining the air. Physiological adaptations in aquatic animals following. Firstly, the […]...
17. Gas exchange in the lung Gas exchange between blood and alveolar air (external respiration) is associated with the structure of the lungs. The number of alveoli in humans approximately 700 million. For pulmonary respiration is important respiratory surface, or the surface of the alveoli, which comes in men to 130 m2, and in women – to 103.5 m2. Respiratory alveolar […]...
18. History of Physiology Physiology originated in ancient times to the needs of medicine, for the prevention of diseases and treatment of people needed to know the structure and function of the body. Therefore, the anatomy and physiology of the studied doctors of ancient Greece and Rome. Physiological knowledge of ancient scientists were based largely on guesswork, vivisection performed […]...
19. The method of Pavlov Prior studies by Pavlov for the study of the digestive system was used, as a rule, the method of critical experiments carried out under general anesthesia, or when you turn off the cerebral hemispheres. In these experiments, in the ducts of the glands of the cannula is inserted, but which follows the juice during stimulation […]...
20. The unity of biological and social Man created the work – the first basic condition for its existence. People are different from all other living creatures the ability to produce a variety of subtle movements. This ability is developed in the process of labor. To assign a material nature in a form suitable to meet their needs, to create a livelihood, […]...
21. Physiological and physico-chemical properties of blood The density and viscosity of the blood The density of human blood (and pets) is 1,050-1,060, for an average of 1,057 men, women – 1,053. It depends mainly on the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin contained in them, and to a lesser extent – the composition of the liquid portion of the blood; […]...
22. Непряма мова Поняття “непряма мова” відноситься до пропозицій, повідомляють нам інформацію зі слів іншої людини. Непряма мова – мова будь-якої особи, передана промовистою (або пише) в реченні, підпорядкованому його власної фразі, що вводить цю промову. В англійській мові непряма мова зазвичай працює за правилом узгодження часів. Воно означає, що присудок придаткового пропозиції має той же час, що […]...
23. Electrocardiogram In the propagation of excitation from the node automaticity of the myocardium of the heart and reducing the electric potentials of individual muscle fibers are added together and the total potential is so great, that may be registered, even on the surface of the human body. Since the human heart has four chambers that are […]...
24. The work of the heart during exercise The frequency and strength of heart muscle contractions during operation increase significantly. Muscular work quickens the pulse lying less than sitting or standing. Maximum blood pressure increased to 200 mmHg. and more. The increase in blood pressure occurs in the first 3-5 minutes of the start of work and then have the strengths of people […]...
25. Reticuloendothelial system Leukocyte function but also has a special system of cells scattered throughout the body – the reticuloendothelial system. It is a system of reticular and endothelial cells, as well as their related connective tissue cells (histiocytes), which is at least one organ that performs the function of absorbing and processing a variety of colloidal and […]...
26. The velocity of blood For the rate of blood flow is the total accumulated value of the cross section of the blood vessel. The smaller total cross-section, the greater the velocity of the fluid. Conversely, the greater the total cross-section, the slower the flow of fluid. From this it follows that the amount of fluid flowing through any cross-section, […]...
27. Functions of erythrocytes The first main function is to absorb erythrocytes oxygen in the lungs and transfer it into the tissue and capillaries in the absorption of carbon dioxide in the capillaries of tissues and sending it to the lungs. This function is performed by hemoglobin. The implementation of this function is crucial erythrocyte surface, which is due […]...
28. Sanguimotion Blood moves in blood vessels due to the energy produced by heartbeats and creating the blood pressure in the aorta. The energy consumed in blood pressure on the movement of blood through the blood vessels and blood circulation in them is done by the physical laws of the movement of fluids in the tubing. Most […]...
29. The salivary glands and their functions All oral cancer in my position are divided into two groups: 1) the small salivary glands mucosa or submucosal layer – labial, palatine, buccal, dental, lingual, 2) major salivary glands – the parotid, submandibular and sublingual. The salivary gland is not only involved in digestion, but at a distance from the body of the residual […]...
30. Реовіруси (сімейство Reoviridae) Реовіруси – безоболочечні віруси сімейства Reoviridae (від англ. Respiratory, enteric, orphan viruses – респіраторні кишкові віруси; orphan – сирота, оскільки спочатку роль вірусів в патології була невідома), що містять двунітевой фрагментовану РНК. Сімейство включає більше 500 представників і містить 12 пологів, з яких медичне значення мають Orthoreovirus, Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Rotavirus і Seadornavirus. Серед них є […]...
31. Pernicious anemia Reducing the number of erythrocytes and their hemoglobin content or pernicious anemia, is the result of blood loss, increased destruction of red blood cells, or erythropoiesis disorders and circulation. Pernicious anemia develops when the absence or deficiency of vitamin B12 and if not allocated “intrinsic factor” or a little as a result of diseases of […]...
32. Центральна нервова система хордових Нервова система хордових тварин, як і у всіх багатоклітинних, розвивається з ектодерми. Вона виникла за рахунок занурення чутливих клітин, спочатку лежали на поверхні тіла, під його покриви. Це доводиться і порівняльно-анатомічними, і ембріологічні даними. Дійсно, у найбільш примітивного представника хордових – ланцетника – центральна нервова система, що складається з нервової трубки, зберегла функції органу чуття: […]...
33. Brief description of the composition, structure and ecological role of fats Fats – organic compounds are esters formed by residues of higher fatty acids and certain alcohols, eg glycerol. Lipids – fat-like substances; this group includes and various fats. Among the fat of great practical and ecological importance glycerides. Glycerides – esters are the reaction product of a trihydric alcohol – glycerol and higher fatty acids. […]...
34. Стовбурова частина головного мозку Довгастий мозок (medulla oblongata) розташований на схилі основи черепа. Верхньою межею довгастого мозку є горизонтальна борозна, що відокремлює його від моста, а нижній – перехрещення пірамід і місце виходу корінця першої пари спинно-мозкових нервів (рис. 3.16). Довгастий мозок являє собою продовження спинного мозку і в нижній частині має дуже подібні з ним форму і будову […]...
35. Офшорний центр розміщення Термін “офшор” походить від англійського offshore і перекладається як “діяти поза межами”. На ділі так і виходить – іноземний капітал розміщується в зонах, вільних від оподаткування або мають хороші податкові пільги. Офшорні центри розміщення (на англ. Offshore booking center) – це фінансові центри, розташовані в офшорній зоні, які використовуються міжнародними банками з метою розміщення депозитів […]...
36. Беверлі-Хіллз Що в першу чергу можуть відвідати туристи в Сполучених Штатах Америки після Білого Дому і Статуї Свободи? Звичайно ж, Голлівуд. А для того щоб побачити його у всій своїй красі, найкраще направити свої стопи в район, відомий з часів вкрай популярного свого часу серіалу “Беверлі-Хіллз 90210”. Саме Беверлі-Хіллз обрали своїм місцем проживання багато зірок світової […]...
37. Origin of Life on Earth Life originated on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. This was preceded by a very long abiogenic (abiotic) molecular evolution. Modern science has completely denied all the myths about the sudden “miraculous” appearance of life. Insolvency were also theories about the drift of life from space. Now we can imagine the conditions under which the […]...