The role of physics, chemistry in the development of physiology

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1. Place physiology among other sciences Physiology is divided into a general, private, or special, comparative, evolutionary and human physiology. General physiology studies the basic processes of life common to all living beings, the indigenous, the qualitative differences between the living and the nonliving, the general laws of the changes of body functions in a variety of external environment, Private or […]...
2. The physiological processes in the body In carrying out functions as a result of changes in metabolism in the body occur physical, chemical and morphological changes. Physical and chemical processes in living organisms are made by the same laws as in the inorganic nature. Therefore physiology – not only biological science, but to some extent also physics and chemistry of the […]...
3. The growth and development of the organism Since the inception to death as a result of metabolism is the development of an organism – regular changes in its chemical composition and structure. In the process of development to the complicated structure of the maturation of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Development takes place heterochronically, Cells, tissues and organs mature simultaneously. From […]...
4. The physiology of individual organs and functional systems The metabolism in various organs, in addition to similarity, has significant differences that determine the characteristics of their functions. There are significant differences in the metabolism of different tissues that form the body. Each organ has a specific function. An independent body is relative, since it is part of the system of its activity is […]...
5. History of Physiology Physiology originated in ancient times to the needs of medicine, for the prevention of diseases and treatment of people needed to know the structure and function of the body. Therefore, the anatomy and physiology of the studied doctors of ancient Greece and Rome. Physiological knowledge of ancient scientists were based largely on guesswork, vivisection performed […]...
6. The unity of biological and social Man created the work – the first basic condition for its existence. People are different from all other living creatures the ability to produce a variety of subtle movements. This ability is developed in the process of labor. To assign a material nature in a form suitable to meet their needs, to create a livelihood, […]...
7. The body as a whole The body – is a unified whole, in which the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems are interconnected. Changes in metabolism and function of every cell, tissue, organ and organ systems causes changes in metabolism of other cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Therefore, the metabolism and function of cells, tissues […]...
8. Ecological and biological role of proteins in cells Because proteins (along with nucleic acid) – a substance of life, their function in the cells are very diverse. 1. The most important function of protein molecules is the structural feature consists in the fact that the protein – an essential component of all the structures that form the cell in which it is included […]...
9. Brief description of the composition, structure and ecological role of fats Fats – organic compounds are esters formed by residues of higher fatty acids and certain alcohols, eg glycerol. Lipids – fat-like substances; this group includes and various fats. Among the fat of great practical and ecological importance glycerides. Glycerides – esters are the reaction product of a trihydric alcohol – glycerol and higher fatty acids. […]...
10. Complete and defective proteins Proteins entering the body with food, divided into biologically valuable and biologically inferior. Biologically valuable proteins are those in which sufficient contain all amino acids necessary for protein synthesis animal body. The full composition of proteins necessary for the growth of an organism, comprises the following essential amino acids: lysine, tryptophan, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, […]...
11. Irritability, agitation and lability General properties of the animal organism, its organs, tissues and cells – excitability and lability. Excitability – the ability to respond actively to the process of excitation to a variety of impacts on the environment or changes in the internal environment of the body. Metabolic processes constantly occur in organs, tissues and cells. Therefore in […]...
12. Brief description of the physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of the protein The properties of the protein molecules are important for the realization of their biological and ecological characteristics. Thus, the state of aggregation proteins referred to as solid substances which may be soluble or insoluble in water or other solvents. Much of bioecological as determined by the physical properties of proteins. Thus, the ability of the […]...
13. Irritability and stimuli The ability of the body, its organs and tissues alter metabolism in response to stimulation is called irritability. Irritability is determined plasticity of proteins. In its simplest form it manifests as irritability direct interaction between cells and food as the capture and assimilation of food. Certain external environment cause an increase or decrease metabolism, quantitative […]...
14. Blood Blood – the most important part of the internal environment of the body that performs multiple physiological functions. In the digestive tract, it is enriched with the components of food, dissolved in water, and spread them out throughout the body. In the lungs, the blood is enriched with oxygen, which is delivered to all organs […]...
15. Physiological and physico-chemical properties of blood The density and viscosity of the blood The density of human blood (and pets) is 1,050-1,060, for an average of 1,057 men, women – 1,053. It depends mainly on the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin contained in them, and to a lesser extent – the composition of the liquid portion of the blood; […]...
16. The exchange of water and mineral salts Water – the most common substance in our body. Adult human consists of water by about 65%, and the human embryo contains about 90% water. The day the human body loses about 2.0-2.5 liters of water. The same amount he receives in the amount with the drink (1.0 L) and food (1.0 L). Water and […]...
17. Digestion in the stomach The food from the mouth to the stomach, which is subjected to further chemical or mechanical processing. Children 10-12 years gastric capacity comes up to 1500 cm3, adults – to 3 dm3. People who consume a lot of liquids, the capacity of the stomach even more, and in some cases can reach up to 5-10 […]...
18. Hemogenesis In the adult shaped elements – erythrocytes, granulocytes, or granular leukocytes, and platelets – are formed mainly in the bone marrow of flat bones: sternum, ribs, spine and in the ends (epiphysis) bones. Lymphocytes develop in the lymph nodes and spleen, and also in the thymus, monocytes – in the bone marrow and reticular cells. […]...
19. Reticuloendothelial system Leukocyte function but also has a special system of cells scattered throughout the body – the reticuloendothelial system. It is a system of reticular and endothelial cells, as well as their related connective tissue cells (histiocytes), which is at least one organ that performs the function of absorbing and processing a variety of colloidal and […]...
20. Changes in the composition of blood In the last century it found that the irritation of the nerves going to the bone marrow, causing an increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood of dogs by 13-15% (SP Botkin, 1883). Irritation of the visual analyzer elongational photoperiod increases the total amount of proteins in the plasma, while increasing […]...
21. Proteins Proteins, or proteins – complex, high molecular weight organic compounds consisting of the amino acids. They represent the main, most important of all cells and tissues of animals and plants, without which there can be carried out vital physiological processes. Proteins vary in composition and properties in a variety of animal and plant organisms in […]...
22. Intracellular breath Oxidation occurs in the tissues and cells noncellular substance. It consists of: 1) hydrogen or recoil dehydrogenation 2) joining the O2 and 3) transfer claim background or changes valency. Oxidation begins with dehydration, t. E. With the fact that dehydrogenase enzymes activated hydrogen, a part of the oxidizing agents. Then, the oxidation of hydrogen to […]...
23. Regulation of cardiac activity During the life of a person repeatedly as the alternate periods of high physical and emotional stress, and periods of relative calm. Therefore, the parameters of the heart must vary greatly depending on the load on the body. Regulation of cardiac activity in two ways: neural and humoral. The nervous regulation of the heart made […]...
24. Allergy and Anaphylaxis Allergy – a perverse response to the animal organism in the re-introduction of foreign proteins, microbes, viruses, microbial toxins, or other substances. This is a complex afterimpression nervous system as a protective and pathological character after the introduction of said allergens. Allergy is manifested in two forms. Firstly, in the form of acquired immunity. This […]...
25. Reproduction of organisms One of the main characteristics of the animal organism – the ability to grow or reproduce. In multicellular animal organisms cells multiply over a lifetime by fission, or mitosis (karyokinesis). After mitosis in each daughter cell remains the same number of chromosomes (diploid chromosomes) of the same type as in the parent cell. In the […]...
26. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate Upon standing blood to which to eliminate clotting added on anticoagulant substance gradually erythrocyte sedimentation. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or abbreviated) depends on the ratio of albumin and globulin in blood plasma. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is also a linear function of the number of red blood cells. The more red blood cell, the […]...
27. Functions of erythrocytes The first main function is to absorb erythrocytes oxygen in the lungs and transfer it into the tissue and capillaries in the absorption of carbon dioxide in the capillaries of tissues and sending it to the lungs. This function is performed by hemoglobin. The implementation of this function is crucial erythrocyte surface, which is due […]...
28. Nervously humoral regulation of the heart Nervously humoral regulation of the heart plays a subordinate role, as changes in metabolism caused by the nervous system. Shifts of various substances in the blood, in turn, influence the regulation of reflex cardiovascular system. At the heart is affected by changes in potassium and calcium in the blood. The increase in the potassium content […]...
29. The method of Pavlov Prior studies by Pavlov for the study of the digestive system was used, as a rule, the method of critical experiments carried out under general anesthesia, or when you turn off the cerebral hemispheres. In these experiments, in the ducts of the glands of the cannula is inserted, but which follows the juice during stimulation […]...
30. Leukocytes in the blood The number of leukocytes, which represent typical nuclear cells, about 1000 times less than that of the erythrocyte. In 1 mm3 of blood contains only 6,000-8,000 leukocytes. Number of leukocytes less constant than the number of erythrocytes, and varies under normal physiological conditions. The number of white blood cells associated with fluctuations in solar activity, […]...
31. Origin of Life on Earth Life originated on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. This was preceded by a very long abiogenic (abiotic) molecular evolution. Modern science has completely denied all the myths about the sudden “miraculous” appearance of life. Insolvency were also theories about the drift of life from space. Now we can imagine the conditions under which the […]...
32. Redistribution of blood in the body The blood in humans and higher animals, distributed among authorities, depending on their activity. Working hard body supplied with blood, the blood supply is reduced to idle. In humans, at 100 grams of tissue prepared blood alone average cm3 / min kidney – 430 heart – 66 Liver – 57, brain – 53. The local […]...
33. Vasoconstrictors and vasodilators Blood pressure in a healthy organism is maintained at a relatively constant level. Shifts in blood pressure when emotions, muscular work and other conditions quickly equalized thanks to neuro-humoral mechanisms of self-regulation. The main role belongs to the neural mechanisms regulating reflex the heart, breathing and the lumen of blood vessels. Reflex regulation not only […]...
34. Digestion Digestion – a combination of physical and chemical processes in the conversion of food substances which may be absorbed by the cells of the body and used for energy purposes or plastic. Throughout his life a person must consume foods. As a result of the conversion of nutrients the body receives the material is used […]...
35. The movement of lymph The average weight of a human body with 60 kg has about 40 dm3 of water that is 25 dm3 in the intercellular and interstitial spaces. At night in the adult through the left thoracic duct alone and on an empty stomach lymph flows 1200-1500 cm3. Lymph – a colorless liquid, alkaline, containing 3-4% of […]...
36. Features of regulation of pulmonary respiration in aquatic animals The animals are morphological adaptations: a sharp increase in the chest, particularly powerful respiratory muscles, greater mobility of the chest, open up the nostrils (whales, dolphins). Dolphins 3 times the alveoli than in humans. In cetaceans in the small bronchi have muscle zhomy, long retaining the air. Physiological adaptations in aquatic animals following. Firstly, the […]...
37. Vagus nerve heart Stimulation of the vagus nerves causes inhibition of contractions of the heart until it stops in diastole (the brothers Weber, 1845). In the history of the physiology of this fact was the first case of the retarding effect on the body to the stimulation of the nerve. Slow heartbeat during stimulation of the vagus nerves […]...
38. Hemoglobin Hemoglobin – a protein macromolecular compound belonging to the group chromoproteids. Its density of about 66 000 – 68 000. It is readily soluble in water. Hydrolysis without air splits globin protein (96%) and an iron-containing pigment – gems (4%). The iron content of hemoglobin in the whole human body is equal to about 2.5 […]...
39. The number, composition and general properties of the blood Blood – opaque adhesive red liquid, salty taste which consists of two parts: the plasma and formed elements – erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. The amount and composition of the blood vary continuously, but differ relative constancy of each species. The amount of blood, the structure and the number of formed elements, the chemical composition of […]...
40. The movement of blood through the vessels Blood flow through the vessels is determined by two factors: the difference in blood pressure in the arteries and veins, which is supported by contractions of the heart, and the resistance of the walls of the vascular bed to blood flow. Blood flow rate is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of ​​blood vessels. […]...